Phillis Wheatley free essay sample

When I reviewed our reading assignments for this past week, I was thrilled to see that we would be reading the works of Phillis Wheatley. During one of my recent classes, The African American Experience, I was able to read about the impact that Phillis Wheatley had on the enslaved African Americans and our society as a whole. Her story is nothing short of amazing and her poetry is joy to read. Phillis Wheatley was born in Africa around 1753 and was captured as a slave in the area known today as Senegal, which is located in West Africa. She was brought to America on one of the slave ships and sold in 1761 to the Wheatley family to be a personal slave to Mrs. Wheatley, Susanna. Almost immediately, the Wheatley’s, John and Susanna, took a special liking to Phillis and treated her more like a third child than a slave. It is said that the Wheatley’s noticed something special in Phillis and choose to encourage it rather than hinder it as many slave owners did during this time period. We will write a custom essay sample on Phillis Wheatley or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The turning point for Phillis Wheatley was that she was fortunate enough to be educated. This was an amazing blessing to her because it was uncommon for free women in this era to be educated, not to mention enslaved women. Phillis Wheatley was an exceptional student and is said to have mastered English, including reading and writing, in less than two years time. After mastering English, she went on to learn both Greek and Latin. According to the readings and obvious by her works, Phillis Wheatley was knowledgeable beyond her years. She had a very mature writing style while still a young teenager. Fortunately for Phillis Wheatley, her owners and their family did not treat her like a slave. Her education was encouraged and her writings were praised. The Wheatley’s son, Nathaniel, is partly responsible that we are able to read the poetry of Phillis Wheatley today. He went with her to London in 1773 where she hoped to gain support of her manuscript and have her works published. Her first book, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, was published while she was technically an enslaved African. Her new friends in England that she met while gaining support for her manuscript requested that she be freed, and her owners obliged. As a free African American, Phillis Wheatley met and married a man by the name of John Peters who was also free. The marriage did not last as he abandoned her. She never stopped writing, but she only had a few new poems published after her marriage. To support herself since her husband had left, she became a servant. When she died in 1784, she was living in poverty still working as a servant. It was after her death that more of her works were published. There were two additional books of her work that were published, and it is said that she has more works that remain hidden. Phillis Wheatley must have written hundreds, if not thousands, of poems. Despite the large amount of poetry, her most famous is â€Å"On Being Brought from Africa to America† which was written in 1768. This is the poem that I read in my previous course and this one too which shows how popular it is. It is such a joy to read because so many enslaved Africans were very angry over their enslavement. In this poem, it appears that Wheatley is thankful for her new opportunities because she wrote â€Å"’Twas mercy brought me from my pagan land†. The entire poem is about how she was able to learn about Christianity and that changing her life. She also wrote that others too may be changed and join â€Å"the angelic train†. In some ways, this could be taken in a negative light saying you must be Christian to be accepted, but I took in a positive way because I believe her faith was genuine and she was thankful to have been taught about God and Christianity. I also think she was thankful that she came to America because she was taught to read and write which was her pleasure in life. Phillis Wheatley was the first African American to have a book published. She gave hope to the other enslaved Africans that they too could be educated and become more than just a slave. Although many enslaved Africans did not agree that they needed to be â€Å"refined† as she wrote in her poem to â€Å"join the Anglican train†, they still respected her for her works.

How to Improve Ones Study Skills

How to Improve Ones Study Skills When it comes to excelling at the college/university level, students must focus on developing their study skills. It’s often called the â€Å"great equalizer† – because it guarantees good grades, regardless of one’s intelligence, aptitude or any other skills students have developed in their academic career. But too many students are not taught how to study effectively. For example, students are told note-taking helps them prepare for a test, though few are taught exactly how to do so. It comes down to them learning what works best for them over time. Here are 8  proven study tips to help students prepare for tests:   Study for no longer than an hour at a time without taking a break. Not only does this make better use of one’s time while studying, psychologists have learned that people learn best in short takes. Also, even when someone is not studying, their mind subconsciously works to absorb what they have previously studied, learned or been exposed to.   Separate the study of subjects that are similar in nature. The student can avoid interference and confusion if they, for example, were to study Spanish or history after studying math – and not Chemistry, with includes mathematics.   Avoid studying when tired. This has proven to be counter-productive; the student doesn’t accomplish anything when their brain is not fresh. In this case, when they are tired, physical activity and taking part in recreation is advised.   Memorize actively, not passively. The worst way to memorize is simply reading something over and over again. Instead, the student should use their senses. They can try to visualize the material they’re learning in concrete terms; they can say certain words aloud, listening as they are saying them. They can also use association – or relating the fact to be learned to something personally significant, or find a logical tie-in. Also, use mnemonic devices: ROYGBIV, for the colors of the rainbow.   Study while reading. Follow the OK4R method devised by Dr. Walter Pauk: O = Overview. Read a book or passage’s title, intro and summarizing paragraphs and headings to get a general idea of what’s being discussed; K = Key Ideas. Skim the text for key ideas, usually found in the first sentences of each paragraph; read italics and bold type, bulleted sections, itemizations, pictures, tables; R1 = Read assignments from beginning to end; R2 = Recall. Put aside the text and recall, whether mentally, verbally or in writing, the major points put forth in the text; R3 = Reflect. This helps fix the material in the student’s mind, to cement it there for long-term use, through finding relationships and significance; R4 = Review, but not right away. This comes with studying, either for a short quiz, a test, or exam at a later date.   Decide what to study and for how long. Studying the wrong thing for any period of time is, well, a waste of time.   Do difficult tasks first. To avoid procrastinating on studying for the hardest subjects, it helps to end a study session by focusing on the simpler and more interesting ones.   Use longer time/study periods for organizing relationships and concepts, as well as for outlining and writing papers, if necessary. Use shorter study periods for â€Å"rote† memorization (mechanical or habitual repetition of something to be learned), to review content, and for self-testing one’s knowledge on a given subject. Following these simple steps will ensure a significant boost in your academic performance. Dont try to follow each of them at once, its best to take one step at a time. Pick one technique and work with it until you understand if it works for you and how effective it is. Eventually you will learn to combine these steps and acquiring new information will become a piece of cake for you. Good luck with your studies, and remember should you need any academic assistance, is always happy to help!

Grammatical differences between general american english and african Assignment

Grammatical differences between general american english and african american vernacular english (AAVE) - Assignment Example This report seeks to investigate the intricate grammatical features of the language and compare such with the General American English. In doing this, the research will analyses the lyrical contents of a number of songs created by such celebrated African American artists as Jay Z and Kanye West while comparing such with the songs composed with such American artists as John Legend. The report seeks to portray the differences between the two types of English languages and establish the role of arts, especially music in enhancing the spread of each. African American vernacular English is a common language in the United States whose structure comprises of a variety of dialects, sociolects and ethnolects. The language is common among bi-dialect African Americans and has a number of phonological and grammatical similarities with other American dialects of language spoken in the Southern in America. The difference between AAVE and general English spoken by other Americans is clear given the unique grammatical differences in the two types of English dialects. The use of the two different languages is distinct often depending on the cultural backgrounds of the various ethnicities in the country. Artists play a fundamental role in the use of language. Musicians in this context compose their lyrics systematically by using language to communicate. The pattern in the United States is distinct with most of the African American musicians using AAVE while other artists using standards general English. The musicians enhance the spread of the languages. Furthermore, they influence the structure of the languages with their artistic manipulation of language. American English and African American vernacular English (AAVE) and General American English have a number of grammatical differences as the discussion below portrays. The origin, development and spread of AAVE

The Entry Strategy of Motorola in China Case Study

The Entry Strategy of Motorola in China - Case Study Example This paper examines the strategic and environmental factors that motivated Motorola to enter China; the effectiveness of Motorola’s entry strategy in achieving its corporate strategy in China; and the appropriateness of Motorola’s staffing approach for senior management in China in relation to their strategic objectives. Since the 1990s, due to the continuous expansion of economic globalization, multinational companies (MNCs) have become an entity that cannot be ignored. MNCs have a major influence on the social, political, and economic life of the world. The success of Motorola in China was truly unbelievable, given the fact that the political and social environment of the country is complex. In order to gain knowledge of the political, economic, sociocultural, and technological environment that Motorola is dealing with in China PEST analysis is conducted. This business tool will help in understanding the strategic and environmental factors that motivated Motorola to enter China. After the 1978 economic reform, China’s economy progressed dramatically. The reform includes promoting foreign direct investment, foreign trade liberalization, private businesses, and employment opportunities. In relation to labor law, China reforms job structures and loosens regulations making it easier for Motorola to advance its localization strategy, which includes recruiting local employees (Guthrie, 2012). In terms of consumer rights protection, after China opened its door to the world and reformed its economy, consumer gained greater awareness of their rights. The improvement of consumer protection is beneficial for Motorola since the market for middle-class consumers is growing (Sun et al., 2013). However, China’s telecom industry is one of the most restricted in Asia and is somewhat barred to foreign competition. One of the key objectives of the Chinese government is to build and offer the telecom-market not to be awash or overstocked, which has a massive impact on Motorola (Guthrie, 2012).

Child abuse Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Child abuse - Research Paper Example Neglect means â€Å"failure to provide for a child’s basic needs† (Joint Commission Resources, 2002, p. 6). Physical abuse include inflicting harm or injury to a child via burning, biting, or punching whereas physical neglect means failure to provide the child with basic necessities like food and shelter (Joint Commission Resources, 2002, p. 6). Emotional abuse include verbal or non-verbal actions that can cause a child to suffer from emotional, behavioural, or mental injury. Other than incest, sexual abuse includes rape cases, sexual intercourse, or touching the child’s genital areas (Dickey, 2013). This Convention serves as the â€Å"first legally binding international instrument to incorporate the full range of human rights—civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights† (Unicef, 2005). This Convention aims to educate the people about the child’s right to live, become educated, receive medical care assistance, and be protected from abusive people and exploitation (Rasooldeen, 2011; Unicef, 2005). In Islam, each child has a â€Å"right to life and equal life chances† (Islamweb, 2013). In fact, part of the 3rd commandment in Islam highlighted the need to preserve the child’s life. On top of the Islamic rule, Saudi has ratified the said Convention in 1996 (Rasooldeen, 2011). However, it is sad to say that child abuse remain rampant in Saudi Arabia (Dickey, 2013). Despite the Islamic rule about child protection and signing of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, child abuse still exists in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, people in this country should continuously fight for children’s rights to live in a safe environment. Dickey, C. (2013, February 8). The Daily Beast. Retrieved February 21, 2013, from Saudi Arabia’s Child-Rape Case: Female Activists Fight to Prevent Abuse:

Foreign Exchange Risk in Banks Overview and Analysis

Foreign Exchange Risk in Banks Overview and Analysis Objective of the Project:- The objective of this project is to understand the various types of foreign exchange risks. And the potential impact of the foreign exchange risks on the institutions involved in foreign exchange trading. Background:- In this project, I have calculated the value of risk involved in foreign exchange transactions at United Bank of India. Methodology:- The data used in this project is obtained from secondary research. Historical method is used to calculate the Value at Risk (VaR). The Value at Risk is thus calculated is used to find the actual amount at risk in terms of INR. Findings and Conclusion:- By finding the total risk, we get to know the total amount that the organization can lose in the worst possible scenario. It happens if the allocation of fund is not based upon the possible value at risks. In carrying out this project, I have found that the bank has allocated more funds for its forex operations than required. Recommendations:- At present the bank is operating at the 99% confidence level to calculate the value at risk. As they are working at 99% confidence level, due to this they need to employ more capital for their forex operations. United Bank of India should operate at 95% confidence level. This will help them cut down funds employed for their forex operations. Introduction to Foreign Exchange The creator of the universe has not distributed resources needed by the civilised world evenly on our planet earth. What is available easily at one place is hardly available at another place. This has resulted in an environment of interdependency among the countries. The interdependency among countries has given rise to international trade. The growth of international trade of goods and services has necessitated a method of exchange. Let us evaluate a transaction involving supply of goods from India to United Kingdom. The value of goods is known to the Indian supplier in INR. Thus the Indian supplier will price the goods so that he can make profit in INR. At the same time the purchasing power available with the UK customer is in GBP (Great Britain Pound). Therefore the customer will want to know the price in GBP. Now, if buyer and seller decide to settle the transaction in USD. Therefore to complete such transactions, the parties to the transaction need to know the value of one currency in terms of another. This mechanism of converting one currency in terms of another is known as â€Å"Foreign Exchange†. Foreign Exchange is defined in Foreign Exchange management Act 1999 as:- Ø All deposits, credits, balances payable in any foreign currency and any drafts, travellers cheque, letter of credit and bill of exchange expressed or drawn in Indian currency and payable in foreign currency. Ø Any instrument payable at the option of the drawee or holder thereof or any other party thereto, either in Indian currency or in foreign currency or partly in one and partly in the other. In short, Foreign Exchange is the method of conversion of one currency into another. As foreign currency is treated as a commodity, it is traded in a market. Trade constitutes a small portion of the â€Å"Foreign Exchange Market†. The cross border movement of capital forms the major portion. Major participants of Foreign Exchange Market include commercial banks, central banking institutions, investment banks, foreign exchange brokers and merchants. The commercial banks become the vehicles for conversion, as most of the foreign exchange operation takes place through the account maintained with these banks. Objective of the Project A Project Report on FOREIGN EXCHANGE risks in Bank. Foreign Exchange is a very large financial market. At times foreign exchange market becomes very volatile. This is responsible for the various risks in foreign exchange market. Everyone involved in the foreign exchange trading should we aware of foreign exchange risk. To ascertain Foreign Exchange risk in Bank we need to execute the following tasks:- Various types of foreign exchange services available at Banks. The various types of foreign exchange risks. The various foreign currencies which has significant demand. The possible Hedging strategies that can be deployed to manage foreign exchange risks. Determination of Value at Risk (Var). Research Methodology Data / Information Collection. Study of data collected to calculate the value at risk (VAR). Calculation of mean return. Calculation of Standard Deviation. Data/Information Collection Data and information is collected from the various sources. These sources include data from the Bank, magazines, journals, books and newspapers. The information thus collected is used to calculate the Value at Risk. Value at risk (VaR) Risk is about odds of losing money and VaR is based on that common sense fact. Here risk is the odds of really big loss. Big loss is different for every investor depending on the investors appetite. But every investor whether big or small does wants to know his/her losses in the worst case. VAR answers the question, What is my worst-case scenario? To calculate VaR we need three components. These three components are: a time period, a confidence level and a loss amount or loss percentage. Using VaR investor will get to know things like: What is the most I can expect to lose with 95% confidence over a period of 10 days? What is the maximum percentage I can expect to lose with 95% confidence over a period of 10 days? We consider a relatively high level of confidence, mostly 95% or 99% confidence level. Time period taken can be anything like a day, 10 day, a month or a year depending upon what investor is looking for. A one day VAR of $10mm using a probability of 5% means that there is a 5% chance that the portfolio could lose more than $10mm in the next trading day. There are three methods of calculating VaR: the Historical method, the parametric method also known as variance-covariance method and the Monte Carlo simulation. The Historical Method: The historical method simply re-organizes actual historical returns, putting them in order from worst to best. It then assumes that history will repeat itself, from a risk perspective. We then put these data in the histogram that compare the frequency of return. Tiny bars in histogram represent the less frequent daily return while the highest point in histogram represents the most frequent daily return. Parametric Method:This method assumes that the stock returns are normally distributed. In this method we estimate only two factors an expected return and a standard deviation. These two factors allow us to plot a normal distribution curve. Monte Carlo Simulation: The third method involves developing a model for future stock price returns and running multiple hypothetical trials through the model. A Monte Carlo simulation refers to any method that randomly generates trials, but by itself does not tell us anything about the underlying methodology. Every run of Monte Carlo Simulation gives different result. But differences between these results are likely to be very narrow. Calculation of Value at Risk (VaR) To calculate the value at risk, at first we need to collect the historical data. Historical data is the historical exchange rate of a particular foreign currency against INR. The foreign currencies which we are considering here are United States Dollar (USD), Great Britain Pound (GBP), Euro and Japanese Yen (JPY). We are considering these currencies because they are the major currencies as exchange is easily available for these currencies. We will calculate the value at risk the investor faces in case he/she invests in any of these currencies. At first we will consider the case in which an investor is investing in United States Dollar. The investor will buy United States Dollar in exchange of INR. USD/INR The historical exchange rate for USD/INR for a period of 22 days starting from 15th April 2011 to 6th May 2011 is as follows: From the everyday exchange rate the periodic return is found by using the formula given below: Natural Logarithm (Present date exchange rate/ previous date exchange rate) The Value at Risk from the above data is calculated by using the given formula in excel: PERCENTILE (array of the periodic return,5%) Here the array of the periodic return is the everyday return of the period for which historical data is taken. The second attributes i.e., 5% tells that 95 times out of 100 the loss will not exceed the calculated VaR. Therefore we can say with 95% confidence that the loss will not exceed the Value at Risk (VaR) thus calculated. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 95% confidence level is: 0.35% From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 99% confidence level is: 0.46% Euro/INR The historical exchange rate for Euro/USD for a period of 22 days starting from 15th April 2011 to 6th May 2011 is as follows: Euro/USD Euro/INR Historical exchange rate for Euro/INR is determined from the historical exchange rate of Euro/USD and USD/INR. Exchange rate of Euro/INR = Exchange rate of Euro/USD * Exchange rate of USD/INR In this case again the periodic return is found by using the formula given below: Natural Logarithm (Present date exchange rate/ previous date exchange rate) The Value at Risk from the above data is calculated by using the given formula in excel: PERCENTILE (array of the periodic return, 5%) Here the array of the periodic return is the everyday return of the period for which historical data is taken. The second attributes i.e., 5% tells that 95 times out of 100 the loss will not exceed the calculated VaR. Therefore we can say with 95% confidence that the loss will not exceed the Value at Risk (VaR) thus calculated. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 95% confidence level is: 1.21%. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 99% confidence level is: 1.53%. GBP/INR The historical exchange rate for GBP/USD for a period of 22 days starting from 15th April 2011 to 6th May 2011 is as follows: GBP/USD GBP/INR Historical exchange rate for GBP/INR is determined from the historical exchange rate of GBP/USD and USD/INR. Exchange rate of GBP/INR = Exchange rate of GBP/USD * Exchange rate of USD/INR In this case again the periodic return is found by using the formula given below: Natural Logarithm (Present date exchange rate/ previous date exchange rate) The Value at Risk from the above data is calculated by using the given formula in excel: PERCENTILE (array of the periodic return, 5%) Here the array of the periodic return is the everyday return of the period for which historical data is taken. The second attributes i.e., 5% tells that 95 times out of 100 the loss will not exceed the calculated VaR. Therefore we can say with 95% confidence that the loss will not exceed the Value at Risk (VaR) thus calculated. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 95% confidence level is: 0.49% From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 99% confidence level is: 1.03% JYP/INR The historical exchange rate for USD/JYP for a period of 22 days starting from 15th April 2011 to 6th May 2011 is as follows: USD/JYP JPY/USD Historical exchange rate for JPY/USD is determined from the historical exchange rate of USD/JPY. Exchange rate of JPY/USD = 1/ (Exchange rate of USD/JPY) JPY/INR Historical exchange rate for JPY/INR is determined from the historical exchange rate of JPY/USD and USD/INR. Exchange rate of JPY/INR = Exchange rate of JPY/USD * Exchange rate of USD/INR In this case again the periodic return is found by using the formula given below: Natural Logarithm (Present date exchange rate/ previous date exchange rate) The Value at Risk from the above data is calculated by using the given formula in excel: PERCENTILE (array of the periodic return, 5%) Here the array of the periodic return is the everyday return of the period for which historical data is taken. The second attributes i.e., 5% tells that 95 times out of 100 the loss will not exceed the calculated VaR. Therefore we can say with 95% confidence that the loss will not exceed the Value at Risk (VaR) thus calculated. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 95% confidence level is: 0.60% From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 99% confidence level is: 0.93% Calculation of Standard Deviation Standard deviation is a measure of how far apart the data are from the average of the data. If all the observations are close to their average then the standard deviation will be small. In finance, standard deviation is applied to the annual rate of return of an investment to measure the investments volatility. Standard deviation is also known as historical volatility and is used by investors as a gauge for the amount of expected volatility. Suppose that an investor has INR 45,000 to invest and is considering buying the USD. Currently one USD is valued at INR 45. The investor assesses a 0.75 probability that the USD will appreciate against INR over a coming period, so that one USD will be equivalent to INR 46 and a 0.25 probability that the USD will depreciate against INR to become equal to INR 44. INR 45,000 (at one USD equal to INR 45) = 45,000/45 = USD 1000 The payoffs from the proposed investment are as follows:- If the USD appreciates (One USD becomes equal to INR 46): USD 1000 *46 = INR 46,000 If the USD depreciates (One USD becomes equal to INR 44): USD 1000*44 = INR 44,000 PAYOFF (INR) RATE OF RETURN PROBABILITY EXPECTED RATE OF RETURN VARIANCE (1) (2) (3) (4) = (2) x (3) (5) 46,000 (46 45)/45 = 0.022 0.75 0.0165 (0.022 0.011)^2 x 0.75 = 0. Foreign Exchange Risk in Banks Overview and Analysis Foreign Exchange Risk in Banks Overview and Analysis Objective of the Project:- The objective of this project is to understand the various types of foreign exchange risks. And the potential impact of the foreign exchange risks on the institutions involved in foreign exchange trading. Background:- In this project, I have calculated the value of risk involved in foreign exchange transactions at United Bank of India. Methodology:- The data used in this project is obtained from secondary research. Historical method is used to calculate the Value at Risk (VaR). The Value at Risk is thus calculated is used to find the actual amount at risk in terms of INR. Findings and Conclusion:- By finding the total risk, we get to know the total amount that the organization can lose in the worst possible scenario. It happens if the allocation of fund is not based upon the possible value at risks. In carrying out this project, I have found that the bank has allocated more funds for its forex operations than required. Recommendations:- At present the bank is operating at the 99% confidence level to calculate the value at risk. As they are working at 99% confidence level, due to this they need to employ more capital for their forex operations. United Bank of India should operate at 95% confidence level. This will help them cut down funds employed for their forex operations. Introduction to Foreign Exchange The creator of the universe has not distributed resources needed by the civilised world evenly on our planet earth. What is available easily at one place is hardly available at another place. This has resulted in an environment of interdependency among the countries. The interdependency among countries has given rise to international trade. The growth of international trade of goods and services has necessitated a method of exchange. Let us evaluate a transaction involving supply of goods from India to United Kingdom. The value of goods is known to the Indian supplier in INR. Thus the Indian supplier will price the goods so that he can make profit in INR. At the same time the purchasing power available with the UK customer is in GBP (Great Britain Pound). Therefore the customer will want to know the price in GBP. Now, if buyer and seller decide to settle the transaction in USD. Therefore to complete such transactions, the parties to the transaction need to know the value of one currency in terms of another. This mechanism of converting one currency in terms of another is known as â€Å"Foreign Exchange†. Foreign Exchange is defined in Foreign Exchange management Act 1999 as:- Ø All deposits, credits, balances payable in any foreign currency and any drafts, travellers cheque, letter of credit and bill of exchange expressed or drawn in Indian currency and payable in foreign currency. Ø Any instrument payable at the option of the drawee or holder thereof or any other party thereto, either in Indian currency or in foreign currency or partly in one and partly in the other. In short, Foreign Exchange is the method of conversion of one currency into another. As foreign currency is treated as a commodity, it is traded in a market. Trade constitutes a small portion of the â€Å"Foreign Exchange Market†. The cross border movement of capital forms the major portion. Major participants of Foreign Exchange Market include commercial banks, central banking institutions, investment banks, foreign exchange brokers and merchants. The commercial banks become the vehicles for conversion, as most of the foreign exchange operation takes place through the account maintained with these banks. Objective of the Project A Project Report on FOREIGN EXCHANGE risks in Bank. Foreign Exchange is a very large financial market. At times foreign exchange market becomes very volatile. This is responsible for the various risks in foreign exchange market. Everyone involved in the foreign exchange trading should we aware of foreign exchange risk. To ascertain Foreign Exchange risk in Bank we need to execute the following tasks:- Various types of foreign exchange services available at Banks. The various types of foreign exchange risks. The various foreign currencies which has significant demand. The possible Hedging strategies that can be deployed to manage foreign exchange risks. Determination of Value at Risk (Var). Research Methodology Data / Information Collection. Study of data collected to calculate the value at risk (VAR). Calculation of mean return. Calculation of Standard Deviation. Data/Information Collection Data and information is collected from the various sources. These sources include data from the Bank, magazines, journals, books and newspapers. The information thus collected is used to calculate the Value at Risk. Value at risk (VaR) Risk is about odds of losing money and VaR is based on that common sense fact. Here risk is the odds of really big loss. Big loss is different for every investor depending on the investors appetite. But every investor whether big or small does wants to know his/her losses in the worst case. VAR answers the question, What is my worst-case scenario? To calculate VaR we need three components. These three components are: a time period, a confidence level and a loss amount or loss percentage. Using VaR investor will get to know things like: What is the most I can expect to lose with 95% confidence over a period of 10 days? What is the maximum percentage I can expect to lose with 95% confidence over a period of 10 days? We consider a relatively high level of confidence, mostly 95% or 99% confidence level. Time period taken can be anything like a day, 10 day, a month or a year depending upon what investor is looking for. A one day VAR of $10mm using a probability of 5% means that there is a 5% chance that the portfolio could lose more than $10mm in the next trading day. There are three methods of calculating VaR: the Historical method, the parametric method also known as variance-covariance method and the Monte Carlo simulation. The Historical Method: The historical method simply re-organizes actual historical returns, putting them in order from worst to best. It then assumes that history will repeat itself, from a risk perspective. We then put these data in the histogram that compare the frequency of return. Tiny bars in histogram represent the less frequent daily return while the highest point in histogram represents the most frequent daily return. Parametric Method:This method assumes that the stock returns are normally distributed. In this method we estimate only two factors an expected return and a standard deviation. These two factors allow us to plot a normal distribution curve. Monte Carlo Simulation: The third method involves developing a model for future stock price returns and running multiple hypothetical trials through the model. A Monte Carlo simulation refers to any method that randomly generates trials, but by itself does not tell us anything about the underlying methodology. Every run of Monte Carlo Simulation gives different result. But differences between these results are likely to be very narrow. Calculation of Value at Risk (VaR) To calculate the value at risk, at first we need to collect the historical data. Historical data is the historical exchange rate of a particular foreign currency against INR. The foreign currencies which we are considering here are United States Dollar (USD), Great Britain Pound (GBP), Euro and Japanese Yen (JPY). We are considering these currencies because they are the major currencies as exchange is easily available for these currencies. We will calculate the value at risk the investor faces in case he/she invests in any of these currencies. At first we will consider the case in which an investor is investing in United States Dollar. The investor will buy United States Dollar in exchange of INR. USD/INR The historical exchange rate for USD/INR for a period of 22 days starting from 15th April 2011 to 6th May 2011 is as follows: From the everyday exchange rate the periodic return is found by using the formula given below: Natural Logarithm (Present date exchange rate/ previous date exchange rate) The Value at Risk from the above data is calculated by using the given formula in excel: PERCENTILE (array of the periodic return,5%) Here the array of the periodic return is the everyday return of the period for which historical data is taken. The second attributes i.e., 5% tells that 95 times out of 100 the loss will not exceed the calculated VaR. Therefore we can say with 95% confidence that the loss will not exceed the Value at Risk (VaR) thus calculated. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 95% confidence level is: 0.35% From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 99% confidence level is: 0.46% Euro/INR The historical exchange rate for Euro/USD for a period of 22 days starting from 15th April 2011 to 6th May 2011 is as follows: Euro/USD Euro/INR Historical exchange rate for Euro/INR is determined from the historical exchange rate of Euro/USD and USD/INR. Exchange rate of Euro/INR = Exchange rate of Euro/USD * Exchange rate of USD/INR In this case again the periodic return is found by using the formula given below: Natural Logarithm (Present date exchange rate/ previous date exchange rate) The Value at Risk from the above data is calculated by using the given formula in excel: PERCENTILE (array of the periodic return, 5%) Here the array of the periodic return is the everyday return of the period for which historical data is taken. The second attributes i.e., 5% tells that 95 times out of 100 the loss will not exceed the calculated VaR. Therefore we can say with 95% confidence that the loss will not exceed the Value at Risk (VaR) thus calculated. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 95% confidence level is: 1.21%. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 99% confidence level is: 1.53%. GBP/INR The historical exchange rate for GBP/USD for a period of 22 days starting from 15th April 2011 to 6th May 2011 is as follows: GBP/USD GBP/INR Historical exchange rate for GBP/INR is determined from the historical exchange rate of GBP/USD and USD/INR. Exchange rate of GBP/INR = Exchange rate of GBP/USD * Exchange rate of USD/INR In this case again the periodic return is found by using the formula given below: Natural Logarithm (Present date exchange rate/ previous date exchange rate) The Value at Risk from the above data is calculated by using the given formula in excel: PERCENTILE (array of the periodic return, 5%) Here the array of the periodic return is the everyday return of the period for which historical data is taken. The second attributes i.e., 5% tells that 95 times out of 100 the loss will not exceed the calculated VaR. Therefore we can say with 95% confidence that the loss will not exceed the Value at Risk (VaR) thus calculated. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 95% confidence level is: 0.49% From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 99% confidence level is: 1.03% JYP/INR The historical exchange rate for USD/JYP for a period of 22 days starting from 15th April 2011 to 6th May 2011 is as follows: USD/JYP JPY/USD Historical exchange rate for JPY/USD is determined from the historical exchange rate of USD/JPY. Exchange rate of JPY/USD = 1/ (Exchange rate of USD/JPY) JPY/INR Historical exchange rate for JPY/INR is determined from the historical exchange rate of JPY/USD and USD/INR. Exchange rate of JPY/INR = Exchange rate of JPY/USD * Exchange rate of USD/INR In this case again the periodic return is found by using the formula given below: Natural Logarithm (Present date exchange rate/ previous date exchange rate) The Value at Risk from the above data is calculated by using the given formula in excel: PERCENTILE (array of the periodic return, 5%) Here the array of the periodic return is the everyday return of the period for which historical data is taken. The second attributes i.e., 5% tells that 95 times out of 100 the loss will not exceed the calculated VaR. Therefore we can say with 95% confidence that the loss will not exceed the Value at Risk (VaR) thus calculated. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 95% confidence level is: 0.60% From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 99% confidence level is: 0.93% Calculation of Standard Deviation Standard deviation is a measure of how far apart the data are from the average of the data. If all the observations are close to their average then the standard deviation will be small. In finance, standard deviation is applied to the annual rate of return of an investment to measure the investments volatility. Standard deviation is also known as historical volatility and is used by investors as a gauge for the amount of expected volatility. Suppose that an investor has INR 45,000 to invest and is considering buying the USD. Currently one USD is valued at INR 45. The investor assesses a 0.75 probability that the USD will appreciate against INR over a coming period, so that one USD will be equivalent to INR 46 and a 0.25 probability that the USD will depreciate against INR to become equal to INR 44. INR 45,000 (at one USD equal to INR 45) = 45,000/45 = USD 1000 The payoffs from the proposed investment are as follows:- If the USD appreciates (One USD becomes equal to INR 46): USD 1000 *46 = INR 46,000 If the USD depreciates (One USD becomes equal to INR 44): USD 1000*44 = INR 44,000 PAYOFF (INR) RATE OF RETURN PROBABILITY EXPECTED RATE OF RETURN VARIANCE (1) (2) (3) (4) = (2) x (3) (5) 46,000 (46 45)/45 = 0.022 0.75 0.0165 (0.022 0.011)^2 x 0.75 = 0.

Deeper Meaning of Shakespeares As You Like It :: Shakespeare As You Like It Essays

The Deeper Meaning of As You Like It Shakespeare's As You Like It is a good play for anyone to read or see. Some readers would enjoy one aspect of it, some would enjoy another. But all would, in general, enjoy the play. Albert Gilman says that Shakespeare intended to imply that all that people need to live together in harmony is "good sense, love, humor, and a generous disposition." (Gilman lxvii) This play is deeper than the surface, and that is part of its appeal to every kind of person. As its title declares, this is a play to please all tastes. ".For the simple, it provides the stock ingredients of romance....For the more sophisticated at d, it p propounds...a question which is left to us to answer: Is it / better to live in the court or the country?....For the learned and literary this is one of Shakespeare's most allusive plays, uniting old traditions and playing with them lightly... (Gardner 161) The title of the play came from a note to his "gentlemen readers" in Thomas Lodge's book, Rosalynde, in which he said, "I f you like it, so." (Lodge 108) People interpret different lines and actions of the characters as they wish, and we know Shakespeare would not object; it says so right in the title of the play! Actors and Directors have taken this literally, and have made various changes to the script, such as having Phebe gnaw on a turnip or an apple between her lines and having Rosalind kiss the chain before giving it to Orlando. The characters in As You Like It are easy to understand because they follow their simple wishes; they do something because it suits them. For example, Oliver hates Orlando because he wants to. There is no reason for him to resent him, none at all: "... for my soul, though I know not why, hates nothing more than he." (Shakespeare 8) Duke Frederick banishes Rosalind because people felt sorry for her for her father's sake. Finally, Rosalind herself had no other reason than a simple whim to not tell Orlando who she really was. Touchstone added the humor to the story, and Jacques added the melancholy. Shakespeare entered both of these characters into the play to balance each other. He also added Audrey and William to give all of the characters someone to love. Deeper Meaning of Shakespeare's As You Like It :: Shakespeare As You Like It Essays The Deeper Meaning of As You Like It Shakespeare's As You Like It is a good play for anyone to read or see. Some readers would enjoy one aspect of it, some would enjoy another. But all would, in general, enjoy the play. Albert Gilman says that Shakespeare intended to imply that all that people need to live together in harmony is "good sense, love, humor, and a generous disposition." (Gilman lxvii) This play is deeper than the surface, and that is part of its appeal to every kind of person. As its title declares, this is a play to please all tastes. ".For the simple, it provides the stock ingredients of romance....For the more sophisticated at d, it p propounds...a question which is left to us to answer: Is it / better to live in the court or the country?....For the learned and literary this is one of Shakespeare's most allusive plays, uniting old traditions and playing with them lightly... (Gardner 161) The title of the play came from a note to his "gentlemen readers" in Thomas Lodge's book, Rosalynde, in which he said, "I f you like it, so." (Lodge 108) People interpret different lines and actions of the characters as they wish, and we know Shakespeare would not object; it says so right in the title of the play! Actors and Directors have taken this literally, and have made various changes to the script, such as having Phebe gnaw on a turnip or an apple between her lines and having Rosalind kiss the chain before giving it to Orlando. The characters in As You Like It are easy to understand because they follow their simple wishes; they do something because it suits them. For example, Oliver hates Orlando because he wants to. There is no reason for him to resent him, none at all: "... for my soul, though I know not why, hates nothing more than he." (Shakespeare 8) Duke Frederick banishes Rosalind because people felt sorry for her for her father's sake. Finally, Rosalind herself had no other reason than a simple whim to not tell Orlando who she really was. Touchstone added the humor to the story, and Jacques added the melancholy. Shakespeare entered both of these characters into the play to balance each other. He also added Audrey and William to give all of the characters someone to love.

Calypso or Circe Essay

Nausicaa is the first normal woman Odysseus sees in nearly twenty years, the last of whom being the women from Ismarus, the city he sacks directly after leaving Troy, and understandably he is very weary of her. Despite this, or perhaps because of it, he treats her with the utmost respect and keeps his distance from her, both physically and emotionally. He admires her beauty, respects her decisions and listens to her like an equal, despite her age and sex, which shows respect, although not necessarily feelings. Despite his lack of show of affection towards her, he is kind and shows his appreciation for her saving him from death – ‘I do indeed pray to Zeus†¦ to let me reach my home†¦ If he does, then I will pray you as a divinity all the rest of my days. For it was you lady, who gave me back my life. ‘ showing how he does indeed respect what she has done for him, and is grateful towards her. After Odysseus leaves Nausicaa in the town, Homer does not mention her anymore but for their goodbyes, despite the fact they are staying under the same roof. This indicates Odysseus’s lack of interest in Nausicaa’s comings and goings. When Odysseus begins to explain his adventures to Alcinous, in particular he mentions Calypso and Circe, and how he never had any affection for them – ‘The divine Calypso was certainly for keeping me in her cavern home because she yearned for me to be her husband and with me the same object Circe†¦. but never for a moment did they win my heart. ‘ Here Odysseus states in his own words that he was never won over by either, and although he may have found pleasure in staying with them, it could never compare with the pleasure of seeing his wife again; any feelings he had towards Calypso or Circe were not genuine or heart-felt. Similarly to Calypso, Circe is first seen as ‘singing with her beautiful voice’ and ‘weaving one of those delicate, graceful and dazzling fabrics that goddesses make’, and the temptation to stay with her (as he then does with Calypso) would have been immense. Hermes warns her that ‘she will†¦ invite you to her bed. You must not refuse†¦ if you want her to free your men and look after you’. The fact that Odysseus obeys this shows the extent of what he would do to free his men and return home; going to bed with Circe would have been merely another obstacle for him on his journey home, his feelings towards her being limited. Although he describes the ‘comfortable heat’ and the way ‘all the painful weariness was gone’ from his limbs, his ‘thoughts were elsewhere’ and ‘mind was full of forebodings’ showing how he cannot feel content without knowing his crew is safe and his chances for ever reaching home are still tangible. In addition, the way in which he prioritises Circe’s actions towards him and his crew is also relevant, seeing as it is Odysseus recounting the story to Alcinous. He first says Circe ‘graciously bathed the members of my party in her palace and rubbed them with olive-oil. She gave them tunics and warm cloaks’, showing how to him, the women he encounters are mostly beneficial to him for the reason that they give him and his crew shelter, food and drink, and there is no implication of any feeling towards them. They stay on the island for a year, and by the end the crew are frustrated – ‘What possesses you to stay on here? It’s time you thought of Ithaca’. It is only when Ithaca is mentioned that Odysseus is persuaded to leave – ‘my proud heart was convinced’; if he did have any feelings towards Circe, he would have stayed, or at least contemplated staying for a little longer. Overall I consider that Odysseus does not care about these women. He loves his wife dearly – ‘[Penelope] is never out of your thoughts’- and is happy to leave every island he sets foot upon if he thinks he is heading for home. Circe does seem to hold a certain place in Odysseus’ heart, because she is the one he stays with voluntarily and has to be persuaded to leave, but Odysseus leaves the others without a backward glance – ‘with a happy heart’ in fact, in the case of Calypso. Odysseus’s affection and respect for Nausicaa seems to be purely polite and possibly only to suit his own means, or at the most brotherly- he wants the best for her. As for Arete, Odysseus never had affectionate feelings for her. He needs her support to get home, and this is the only reason he shows respect for her, except perhaps because she is a wise woman. Throughout the Odyssey, Odysseus longs for his homeland, and is unable to feel much but grief at his prolonged absence.

Free Essays on Rockefellers

The Rockefeller’s In the early 1900s a family of money began to make an enormous mark on American history in numerous ways. The family is the Rockefeller’s, a name almost every American knows. Some of us know them for their huge achievements in business, for greed, for religion, and most because they are one of the richest families in history. This family fortune did not just happen upon a family, but was earned through hard work and dedication that was passed down from one generation to the next. The earliest was John D. Rockefeller Senior. Beginning with pennies, the Rockefeller line of riches grew with each year, and each addition to the family. However, being a Rockefeller with all of these riches didn’t guarantee easy living. Rockefeller Sr. earned the family masses of money through the hard work of his children and his children’s children. They also faced much scrutiny for how they conducted business and for their masses of money. They faced hate from the public as well as congress, which was very hard for them. However the amazing thing about the Rockefeller’s was how much money they gave away, and the many things they built to help the community. They believed that god put them on earth to carry out their work and not devote themselves to pleasure. Some consider them thieves or cheats for the ways that they propelled themselves to the top, and some question if they were good or bad for society. However, the country and their communities were made better because of their contributions. The foundation of America and capitalism was built for families like the Rockefellers, and they played a big part in building that foundation. The Rockefellers were a family of philanthropists. Philanthropy is promoting the well being of mankind throughout the world. This professional title gives a good description of how they were committed to helping others and growing in their own through work. John D. Rockefeller ... Free Essays on Rockefellers Free Essays on Rockefellers The Rockefeller’s In the early 1900s a family of money began to make an enormous mark on American history in numerous ways. The family is the Rockefeller’s, a name almost every American knows. Some of us know them for their huge achievements in business, for greed, for religion, and most because they are one of the richest families in history. This family fortune did not just happen upon a family, but was earned through hard work and dedication that was passed down from one generation to the next. The earliest was John D. Rockefeller Senior. Beginning with pennies, the Rockefeller line of riches grew with each year, and each addition to the family. However, being a Rockefeller with all of these riches didn’t guarantee easy living. Rockefeller Sr. earned the family masses of money through the hard work of his children and his children’s children. They also faced much scrutiny for how they conducted business and for their masses of money. They faced hate from the public as well as congress, which was very hard for them. However the amazing thing about the Rockefeller’s was how much money they gave away, and the many things they built to help the community. They believed that god put them on earth to carry out their work and not devote themselves to pleasure. Some consider them thieves or cheats for the ways that they propelled themselves to the top, and some question if they were good or bad for society. However, the country and their communities were made better because of their contributions. The foundation of America and capitalism was built for families like the Rockefellers, and they played a big part in building that foundation. The Rockefellers were a family of philanthropists. Philanthropy is promoting the well being of mankind throughout the world. This professional title gives a good description of how they were committed to helping others and growing in their own through work. John D. Rockefeller ...

Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians, Saxon Ruler

Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians, Saxon Ruler Aethelflaed (Ethelfleda) was the eldest child and daughter of Alfred the Great and sister of Edward the Elder, king of Wessex (ruled 899-924). Her mother was Ealhswith, who was from the ruling family of Mercia. Who She Was   She married Aethelred, lord  (ealdorman) of Mercia,  in 886. They had a daughter, Ælfwynn. Aethelflaeds father Alfred put London in the care of his son-in-law and daughter. She and her husband supported the Church, giving generous grants to local religious communities. Aethelred joined her husband Aethelred and her father in fighting against Danish invaders. How Aethelred Died In 911 Aethelred was killed in battle with the Danes, and Aethelflaed became the political and military ruler of the Mercians. She may have been the de facto ruler for a few years during her husbands illness. After her husbands death, the people of Mercia gave her the title Lady of the Mercians, a feminine version of the title that her husband had held. Her Legacy She built fortresses in western Mercia as a defense against invading and occupying Danes. Aethelflaed took an active role, and led her forces against the Danes at Derby and captured it, and then defeated them at Leicester. Aethelflaed even invaded Wales in retribution for the killing of an English Abbott and his party. She captured the wife of the king and 33 others and held them as a hostage. In 917, Aethelflaed captured Derby and was able to take power in Leicester. The Danes there submitted to her rule. Final Resting Place In 918, the Danes in York offered their allegiance to Aethelflaed as protection against Norwegians in Ireland. Aethelflaed died that year. She was buried at the monastery of St. Peter at Gloucester, one of the monasteries built with funds from her Aethelred and Aethelflaed. Aethelflaed was succeeded by her daughter Aelfwyn, whom Aethelflaed had made a joint ruler with her. Edward, who already controlled Wessex, seized the kingdom of Mercia from Aelfwyn, took her captive, and thus solidified his control over most of England. Aelfwyn is not known to have married and may have gone to a convent. Edwards son, Aethestan, who ruled 924-939, was educated at the court of Aethelred and Aethelflaed. Known for:  defeating the Danes at Leicester and Derby, invading Wales Occupation:  Mercian ruler (912-918) and military leader Dates:  872-879? - June 12, 918 Also known as:  Ethelfleda, Ethelflaed,  Aelfled, Æthelflà ¦d, Aeoelfled Family Father: Alfred the Great (Ælfred), ruled Wessex 871-899.  He was the son of  Ãƒâ€ thelwulf, King of Wessex and his first wife, Osburh (Osburga).  Mother: Ealhswith of the Gaini, daughter of  Ãƒâ€ thelred Mucil  of the Gaini tribe and Eadburh, a Mercian royal.  As was Saxon custom, she was not crowned or titled queen.Brother: Edward the Elder, king of Wessex (ruled 899-924)Sister: Aethelgiva, Abbess of ShaftesburyBrother: Aethelwaerd (three sons with no descendants)Sister:  Aelfthryth, married Baldwin, Count of Flanders (Aelfthryth was the 4th great-grandmother of  Matilda of Flanders, married to William the Conqueror, and thus an ancestor of later British royalty)Husband: Aethelred (Ethelred, Æthelrà ¦d), Earl of MerciaDaughter: Aelfwyn (Aelfwynn, Ælfwynn, Ælfwyn,  Elfwina)

The technical procedures behind Peter Andrea's reality TV show on ITV Essay

The technical procedures behind Peter Andrea's reality TV show on ITV in the UK - Essay Example A cameraman,also known as camera operator,handles television cameras or films to record scenes for motion pictures,newscasts,live events and reality TV shows.As part of the camera crew,a cameraman works hand in hand with actors,reality show hosts,directors and other members of production team in making both technical and creative decisions As part of the camera crew, a cameraman works hand in hand with actors, reality show hosts, directors and other members of production team in making both technical and creative decisions. Basically, cameramen records events taking place for broadcasting purposes.They do so by using technical aspects of lenses, zooms, filters and other different aspects to capture scenes as per the required standards. In addition, it is the duty of a cameraman to test, clean and maintain the cameras. In this vein, they must critically analyse different potential challenges likely to be faced during filming and give advice to other members of the filming crew on the appropriate lighting, set-up and angles to set-up the cameras (Shepherd, St. John & Striphas, 2006). A cameraman can work in different settings including production studios, sports venues and television studios as well as in private events such as weddings. In this respect, the equipment used depends on the type of video being taken. For instance, filming live broadcast will mostly use stationary cameras while on the other hand recording involving motions that are recorded using track-mounted or crane mounted cameras to capture scenery and movement. Further, cameramen perform video editing using variety of computer programs. This means that those who wishes to venture into this career must be knowledgeable not only on electronic, media production and computer hardware, but also possess soft skills for different computer programs. They should also be efficient problem solvers, creative thinkers and with ability to evaluate details analytically. In this regards, this paper seeks to ex plore cameraman career in a reality TV show. Equipment To produce quality photography and films as a cameraman, latest high definition equipments are paramount. They should also be maintained to high standards. They include high definition camera for taking photographs and recording shows, and chimera sofbox for providing light. According to Livingstone (1990), Chimera sofbox is highly preferred due to its ability to generate beautiful soft light used to light presenters and interviewees. Other equipments include grip equipment for holding cameras, sound kit with two headsets for sound recording, additional lenses and a van in the event of transporting the equipment. Academic Training A bachelor’s degree is recommended for those wishing to venture in video and reality shows. Cameraman career can be achieved by pursuing a degree in video production that takes between two to four years. During this period, students are trained in-depth on sound and concept development, lighting , editing, storyboarding and more importantly motion graphics. In addition, the course covers video manipulation, basic editing, lighting and field production, sound for video and production management. Students can also train in use of software such as final cut Pro or Photoshop. Further, a student who wishes to further education can consider taking Bachelor of Arts in Television Production. Through this program, students will learn theory, history and basic forms of production. In addition, course work could include sound and picture editing, media research, broadcast news gathering, broadcast writing, visual design, advanced television production, media law and telecommunications management. Even though a cameraman requires some form of training; an individual interested in this career should be eager to learn more and with the right attitude towards the profession. In addition, a career as a cameraman requi

1st Warren Buffet and 2nd Hershey Foods Case Study

1st Warren Buffet and 2nd Hershey Foods - Case Study Example Value investors like Buffet target such companies because they have been undervalued in the market. This causes unusual shift of stock investment in the company. When this happens, the values of such companies are deflated and that is when a value investor strikes. The intrinsic value is a company’s stocks, assets and product value. This value may or may not be the same as the current market value. Intrinsic value is different from stock price in the sense that stock price is not used to determine the intrinsic value of a company. A company’s stock price in the stock market might be high or low when analyzed based on intrinsic value. Despite the benefits of acquiring undervalued companies, Value investors, so much consumed in finding ‘value’ in the stock market generally fail to notice some big risks that misguide in making judgments. Such risks include â€Å"value traps† where stocks of a company continue to fall. The other risk is the fact that the returns may be lower that the investment growth. Apart from that, determining the intrinsic value is subjective and varies. This is due to the fact that there are no standard criteria to determine it. Decision can be made based on findings from one analyst and this might turn out to be wrong. Through his multinational holding company Berkshire Hathaway, Buffet has invested in major corporations all over the world. These include; GEICO insurance, National Indemnity Company, Justin Brands, Nebraska Furniture Mart , American Express, The Coca Cola Company, Wells Fargo and Company among others. American Express is one of America’s leading credit card service providers. Buffet owns 14.8% of this finance corporation. Over the past months, the company lost partnership with Costco wholesale that opted to start working with Visa. The loss at Costco is more substantial, but the partnership contract is valid till early 2016. Berkshire has increased its equity share